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ABSTRACT Introduction: Children and adolescents with cancer are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition and require special attention on nutritional assessment. An adequate nutritional status during treatment is essential in reducing morbidity and mortality, being a modifiable risk factor for clinical outcomes. This study aims to determine the nutritional status of pediatric patients with cancer assessed by the nutrition team at diagnosis and evaluate its association with the overall survival. Method: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients at the time of cancer diagnosis who had nutritional assessments when hospitalized or referred to the nutrition outpatient clinic. Nutritional status was classified by the mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and body mass index for age z-score (zBMI/A). The Cox regression analysis was used to determine the association between the nutritional status and overall survival, adjusting for gender, tumor group and age. Results: The study included 366 patients. The prevalence of undernutrition varied from 8 to 23% and overweight, from 5 to 20%. The MUAC identified more children as undernourished than the zBMI/A in patients with solid and hematological tumors. There was no significant difference in the overall survival by malnutrition classified by the zBMI/A (p = 0.1507) or MUAC (p = 0.8135). When adjusted for gender, tumor group and age, the nutritional status classification by the zBMI/A (hazard ratio [HR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88-1.83; p = 0.209) and MUAC (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.61-1.44; p = 0.773) did not impact overall survival. Conclusion: The nutritional status at diagnosis did not significantly impact the overall survival, which suggests there may have been a protective effect by successful nutritional intervention during the subsequent care.
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Male , Female , Child , Nutritional Status , Neoplasms/metabolism , Brazil , Child , AdolescentABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the expressions of Ezrin and phos-ezrin in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC),and to an alyze their clinic significance.Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of Ezrin and phos-Ezrin in 20 cases of normal skin,31 cases of seborrheic Keratosis (SK),36 cases of basal cell carcinoma (BCC),and 37 cases of SCC.Results (1) The positive rates of Ezrin in normal skin (NS),SK,BCC,and SCC were 20.0％,25.8％,66.7％,and 89.2％,respectively.The positive reates of phos-Ezrin in NS,SK,BCC,and SCC were 10.0 ％,22.6％,77.8％,and 94.6％,respectively.Ezrin and phos ezrin in cancers were higher than that in noncancer tissues (P ＜ 0.01).(2) The expressions of Ezrin,and phos-Ezrin were closely correlated with the cutaneous tumor's type(R1 =0.87,r1 =0.89,P ＜ 0.01),malignant degree (patho-grading of SCC) (R2 =0.80,r2=0.86,P ＜ 0.01),metastasis via lymph node (R3 =0.89,r3 =0.91,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Ezrin and phos-Ezrin expressions were closely related to the types of tumor,malignant degrees,and metastasis.The combined-detection of Ezrin and phos-ezrin would provide a novel clue to predicting metastasis and prognosis of cutaneous tumor.
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Objective To explore the expression and clinical significance of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in gastric cancer tissues.Methods The expressive level of MMP-9 in normal gastric mucosa tissues,para-carcinoma tissues,and cancer tissues were determined with histochemistry streptavidin-perosidase (SP) methods.The relationship of MMP-9 and gastric cancer tissue were analyzed.Results The positive expression rate of MMP-9 in the gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in normal gastric mucosa tissues and para-carcinoma tissues (x2 =86.66,P ＜0.01).The positive expression rate of MMP-9 in gastric cancer tissues was related to differentiated degree of cancer tissues,tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage,infiltration degree,and lymphatic metastasis (x2 =7.76,P ＜ 0.05; x2 =12.94,54.37,11.16,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions MMP-9 probably participates in the occurrence and development of a gastric cancer,and is related to its invasion and metastasis.
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Objective To investigate the expressions of Wnt1 and β-catenin proteins in mammary cancer and its relationship with clinical pathological characteristics,and explore its role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.Methods Immunoshistochemisty (SP method) was used to detect the expressions of Wnt1 and β-catenin proteins in adjacent tissue of breast cancer (n =15),breast hyperplasia tissues (n =25),and breast in vasive ductal carcinoma (n =80).SPSS 17.0 statistical software was used for analysis,such as count data with x2 test and correlation analysis with Spearman test,with significance level of α =0.05.Results The positive rate of Wnt1 and β-catenin in breast cancer group [62.5％ (50/80) and 68.8 (55/80)] was significantly higher than that in hyperplasia group [28％ (7/25) and 20％ (5/25)]and in borderline group [13.33 (2/15) and 13.33 (2/15)] with a significant difference (P ＜ 0.01).Positive expression of Wnt1 and abnormal expression of β-catenin in breast invasive ductal carcinoma were related to lymphatic metastasis (x2 =5.10,4.87,P ＜ 0.05).Abnormal expression of β-catenin was also related to the histological grading of breast invasive ductal carcinoma (x2 =5.61,P ＜ 0.05).The expressions of Wnt1 and β-catenin proteins in invasive ductal carcinoma showed a positive correlation (r =0.313,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The high level expression of Wnt1 protein and the abnormal expression of β-catenin protein might play an important role in breast carcinogenesis,and was related to lymph node metastasis.
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Objective To investigate the expressions of signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3),Bcl-2,and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas,and the relationship of those factors with the colorectal clinicopathological features and prognosis of intestinal adenocarcinomas,and explore their roles in invasion,metastasis,and prognosis of a colorectal cancer.Methods The samples were selected from Dongyang City People's Hospital from January 2011 to January 2012,including 50 cases of paraffin-coded colorectal mucosas with chronic inflammation,50 cases of paraffincoded colorectal adenomas,and 100 cases of paraffin-coded colorectal adenocarcinomas (35 cases with metastasis and 65 cases without distant metastasis).Envison two method was used to detect the expressions of STAT3,Bcl-2,and MMP2 in each sample.Results The expressions of STAT3,Bcl-2,and MMP2 in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas were significantly higher than those in colorectal mucosas with chronic inflammation (P ＜ 0.05).The expressions of STAT3 and MMP2 in colorectal adenocarcinomas with distant metastasis were significantly higher than that those without distant metastasis (P ＜ 0.05).The expression of BCL-2 had no significant difference between colorectal adenocarcinomas with and without distant metastasis (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions STAT3,Bcl-2 and MMP2 were associated with occurrence and development of colorectal carcinoma.STAT3 was associated with distant metastasis of colorectal carcinoma and might indicate a poor prognosis.STAT3 might be used as a candidate clinical sign for recurrence,metastasis,and poor survival prognosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma.
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Objective To investigate expressions of microRNA-21 (miR-21),PTEN,NF-κB,and caspase-9 in colon carcinoma and their possible mechanisms in progression of tumor.Methods Expressions of above-mentioned indexes and percentage of apoptotic cells in colon carcinoma,colon adenoma,and normal tissue specimen were detected.Results Expressions of miR-21,PTEN,N F-κB,and caspase9 in normal tissue were 0.39 ±0.02,50％,25％,and 50％.Expressions of them in colon adenoma were 0.62 ±0.06,50％,35％,and 55％,and those in colon carcinoma were 0.88 ±0.04,30％,75％,and 20％.Percentage of apoptotic cells were (24.64 ± 7.66) ％,(15.86 ± 1.44) ％,and (6.20 ± 2.57) ％,respectively.The above P-values were all less than 0.05.Expression of miR-21 was positively correlated with TNM stage,depth of infiltration,differentiated level and expression of NF-κB while inversely correlated with PTEN and caspase-9 expressions and percentage of apoptotic cells.The r-values were 0.647,0.297,0.259,0.519,-0.299,-0.388,and-0.931,respectively.Conclusions Hyperexpression of miR-21 participated in progression of colon carcinoma probably through down-regulating expressions of PTEN and caspase-9 and up-regulating expression of NF-κB and then suppressing cell apoptosis.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the expressions ofβ-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta(GSK-3β) proteins in the gastric carcinomas and to elucidate their clinical significance.Methods The expressions of β-catenin and GSK3-β proteins were analyzed with immunohistochemistry staining of gastric tissue array in the normal gastric mucosa (n =48),paracancerous tissues ( n =24),and primary cancer tissues ( n =48).ResultsThe positive expression rate ofβ-catenin and GSK-3β in gastric carcinomas was 66.7％ and 35.4％,respectively,and β-catenin protein expression in carcinomas was higher than normal and paracancerous tissues ( x2 =65.455,P ＜ 0.05 ).The expression of β-catenin was correlated with cell differential degree,pTNM stage,histological type,lymph node memtastasis,and nerve invasion,respectively ( x2 =4.713,8.242,13.662,11.658,4.550,P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ).The positive expression rate of GSK3βin carcinomas was lower than normal and paracancerous tissues ( x2 =26.968,P ＜ 0.05).The expression of GSK-3β was correlated with cell differential degree,histological type,and lymph node metastasis,respectively (x2 =3.868,9.665,9.872,P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ).The expression of β-catenin was negatively correlated with the expression of GSK-3βprotein in the gastric carcinoma tissues ( r =-0.493,P =0.001 ).ConclusionsGSK3-β and β-catenin might play important roles in the progression,differentiation,infiltration,lymph node metastasis of gastric carcinoma,and might be the indicators for diagnosis of a gastric carcinoma.
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Objective To explore the expression of a new candidate tumor suppressor N-myc downstream regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) in bladder cancer tissues and to investigate its clinical and pathological significance.Methods Formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 62 cases of bladder carcinomas and 10 cases of normal bladder tissues were analyzed retrospectively with immunohistochemistry (S-P method).Results The NDRG2 gene was highly expressed in normal bladder tissues,but low expressed in bladder carcinoma tissues.Positive expression of NDRG2 was detected in 8 of the 10 (80.0％) normal tissues and 40.3％ in bladder carcinoma ones (x2 =3.98,P ＜0.05).Furthermore,with the degree of malignancy increased,the positive expression of NDRG2 in bladder carcinoma samples was decreased.The expression of NDRG2 in bladder carcinoma was negatively correlated(r =-0.288,P ＜0.05) with C-myc(r =-0.436,P ＜0.01) and positively correlated with p53 in bladder carcinoma tissues(r =0.717,P ＜0.01).Conclusions The level of NDRG2 expression was lower in bladder carcinomas than in normal tissues.NDRG2 may play an important role in bladder carcinogenesis and in the progress of bladder cancers.
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Objective To investigate the expressions of PTEN and MDM2 in bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC) and their clinical significance.Methods The expressions of PTEN and MDM2 were detected by tissue immunohistochemistry test (SP method) in BTCC (n =80) and normal bladder tissues (n =20).The relationship between PTEN and MDM2 as well as their correlations with clinical pathological features were analyzed.Results The positive rate of PTEN in different pathological grading (G1,G2,G3)and clinical staging [superficial (Tis ～ T1),infiltration (T2 ～ T4)] was (86.20％,74.07％,37.50％ ;80.00％,46.67％),respectively,with a significant difference (x2 =15.004,P ＜ 0.01 ; x2 =9.497,P ＜0.01).The positive rate of MDM2 in different pathological grading(G1,G2,G3) and clinical staging [superficial (Tis ～ T1),infiltration (T2 ～ T4)] was (82.75％,55.55％,37.50％ ; 70.00％,43.35％),respectively,with a significant differcnce(x2 =11.543,P ＜ 0.01 ; x2 =5.556,P ＜ 0.05).The expression of PTEN was negatively correlated with that of MDM2 in BTCC (r =-0.611,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Expressions of PTEN and MDM2 might be involved in the BTCC pathogenesis.The combined detection of PTEN and MDM2 might be of great value in the prediction of tumor behavior and prognosis.
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Objective To investigate the expressions of Sema4D and HER-2 in breast cancers and their relationship with microlymphtic vessel density (MLVD).Methods MLVD and expressions of Sema4D and HER-2 were detected in 110 cases of breast cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry.The relationship of Sema4D and HER-2 expressions with clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed.Results The positive expression rate of Sema4D and HER-2 was 71.82％ (79/110) and 33.64％ (37/110),respectively,with a statistically significant differences compared to those in the control group ( P ＜0.01 ).The positive expression rates of Sema4D and MLVD in cases with lymphatic metastasis were higher than that without lymphatic metastasis ( P ＜ 0.01 ).The expressions of Sema4D and HER-2 were closely correlated with the histological grade,TNM stage,lymph node metastasis,and expression of ER of breast cancers ( P ＜0.05),but were not related to tumor size and expression of PR (P ＞ 0.05 ).On univariate analysis,the disease-free survival rate of patients with Sema4D positive expression was better than those with its negative expression ( P ＜ 0.05).Sema4D expression was positively correlated with the HER-2 expression ( r =0.535,P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions Sema4D may play important roles in the carcinogenesis and development of a breast cancer.
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ObjectiveTo observe the effect of rapamycin on the proliferation and cell cycle of prostate cancer cell lines PC3,and to investigate the mechanism that it inhibits the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer cells.MethodsPC3 cells were cultured in vitro,and treated with different concentrations (10,25ng/ml) of cycle raparnycine.MTT was used to measure the change of proliferation of PC3 cells.Flow cytometry was used to measure the changes of cell cycle and apoptosis of PC3 cells.Nude mice were used to detect the effect of rapamycin on metastasis.ResultsThe proliferation of PC3 cells was significantly inhibited by rapamycin,and a time- and concentration-dependent relationship was shown,the inhibited rate was(42.23 ± 0.78 ) ％ after 36 h in the group of 25 ng/ml ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Flow cytometry analysis showed rapamycin significantly inhibited the cell cycle,prompted the apoptosis,and increased the number of cells in G0/G1 phase at 36 h with a rate of cell staying at Go/G1 [ (92.17 ± 0.69 ) ％ ] ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The weight of tumors in nude mice in the control group was significantly greater than that in RPM group[ (3.41± 0.28)g vs ( 1.19 ± 0.23 )g] ( P＜ 0.05 ),and metastatic sites of the lung and liver in the control group were significantly mote than the RPM group [ 100％ (7/7) vs 14.29％ ( 1/7 ) ] ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions Rapamycin significantly inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma.The rapamycin-based regimen is valuable for clinical application.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the expression and biological significance of PIM1 in the breast cancer,atypical hyperplasia breast,and normal breast tissues.MethodsThe protein expression levels of PIM1 in the breast cancer,atypical hyperplasia breast,and normal breast tissues were assayed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.ResultsThe expression rates of PIM1 protein were 78.75％ (63/80)in breast cancers,42.00％ (21/50) in atypical hyperplasia tissues,and 23.33 ％ (7/30) in normal breast tissues,respectively.A significant correlation was found between PIM1 expression and the clinical stage and lymphonodus metastasis.However,no significant correlation was found between PIM1 expression and patients'age and tumor sizes.The level of PIM1 protein in breast cancers was obviously higher than that in non - cancerous tissues.ConclusionsThe positive rate of PIM1 in breast cancers is significantly higher than that in atypical hyperplasia breast tissues and in normal breast tissues.PIM1 may be an early molecularevent in mammary tumorigenesis,and its overexpression may significantly relate to the malignant progression.It would be a new parameter for the early diagnosis and a biomarker for breast cancers.It is feasible to utilize paraffin specimens for index test with advantages of convenience,easy availability,and low expense.
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ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate diagnostic and prognostic value of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) in patients with bladder cancer.MethodsA total of 77 patients with bladder cancer and 65 healthy controls were recruited in this study.The levels of serum MMP-7 were measured by ELISA methods.ResultsThe level of serum MMP-7 in bladder cancer group was significantly higher than those in the healthy control [ [ 3.1 (0 - 32.1 ) ng/ml vs 1.0 ( 0.2 - 2.6) ng/ml,x2 =9.29,P ＜0.01 ].The level of serum MMP-7 was correlated to lymph node metastasis ( x2=10.49,P ＜ 0.01 ) and tumor grade ( x2=4.55,P =0.033 ).Receiver operating characteristic ( ROC ) curves of serum MMP-7level was 0.810.Serum MMP-7 was used to diagnose bladder cancer with the sensitivity of 83.6％ and specificity of 77.4％.The survival rate in patients with a high level of MMP-7 was lower than that with a low level of MMP-7 (x2=3.88,P =0.0488).ConclusionsMMP-7 may be closely associated with the progression of bladder cancer.Serum MMP-7 may be a useful index for diagnosis and prognosis for patients with bladder cancer.
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Objective This study was aimed to determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-11 ( MMP-11 ) and MMP-12 in cervical cancer and the relationship between their expression with clinicopathological characteristics and the potential use as a prognostic and therapeutic agent.Methods Streptavidin-biotin-protein-linked peroxidase method(ie,SP) immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of MMP-11,MMP-12 in 20 cases of normal cervical tissue,36 cases of CIN tissue,g0 cases of cervical cancer.MMP-11 and 12 expression in cervical cancer and clinicopathological parameters of relevance were analyzed,and the relationship between MMP-1 1,-12 was studied in the development of cervical cancer for a preliminary study.Results The positive expression rate (82.50％,g1.25％ )of MMP-11 and-12 in cervical cancer was significantly higher than that of cervical dysplasia ( CIN ) specimens ( 69.44％,61.11％ ) and normal cervical tissues(5.00％,0),the difference was statistically significant ( P ＜0.05).(2)The expression of MMP-11 and-12 in cervical histological grade,clinical depth of stromal infiltration,with or without vascular invasion,with or without lymph stage,node metastasis was different.The difference was statistically significant ( P ＜0.05).(3)MMP-11 and-12 expression was significantly correlated.Conclusions The expression of MMP-11and-12 in cervical cancer tissues prompts that MMP-11 and-12 plays a central role in the course of invasion and metastasis of cervical carcinoma.MMP-11 and-12 joint detection may have a reference value in terms of the inchoate diagnosis of the cervical cancer,the evaluation and prognosis of tumor malignances degree.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of autocrine motility factor receptor (AMFR)in papillary thyroid carcinoma and its relationship with clinical characteristics of this disease.Methods Real - time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical methods were used to analyze the expression of AMFR in papillary thyroid carcinomas.ResultsThe significant differences in AMFR expression between papillary thyroid carcinoma and normal thyroid tissues were found in the levels of mRNA (6.296 ± 1.568 vs 7.913 ± 2.351,t=3.681,P=0.001 ) and protein ( 63.1％ vs 34.5 ％,x2=13.722,P ＜ 0.001 ),respectively.Immunohistochemistry analyses showed that the protein expression of AMFR in papillary thyroid carcinomas were significantly correlated with tumour size ( x2=5.209,P ＜ 0.05 ) and lymph node metastasis ( x2=4.32,P ＜ 0.05 ),and it was affected by the factors age ( x2=0.739,P=0.39 ) and gender ( x2=0.064,P=0.81 ).ConclusionsThe increased AMFR in papillary thyroid carcinoma would be a new target for cancer therapy and a new marker for prognosis.
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ObjectiveTo study the correlation between preoperative serum angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels and lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer(EGC).MethodsPreoperative serum Ang-2 and CEA levels in 62 patients with EGG and 30 normal controls were measured by ELISA technique respectively.The metastasis of lymph node in these cases were determined by HE staining.The relation between preoperative serum Ang-2 levels and lymph node metastasis in EGC and pathologic characterization was investigated.ResultsCompared with normal controls,preoperative serum Ang-2 levels in EGC group were significantly elevated [( 282.5 ± 110.6 ) μg/L vs ( 187.4 ± 32.7 ) μg/L,P ＜ 0.01].Preoperative serum Ang-2 levels in node-positive gastric cancer group was significantly higher than that in the node-negative gastric cancer group [(34 7.2 ± 79.5 ) μg/L vs (265.6 ± 90.2) μg/L,P ＜ 0.01],while CEA levels changed a little.Preoperative serum Ang-2 levels in the EGC group presented marked correlation with the differentiated degree of the tumor tissue,tumor size,depth of tumor invasion but it had no correlation with the histological type.Preoperative serum Ang-2 levels were an independent high-risk factor of lymph node metastasis in EGC according to multivariate logistic regression analysis.ConclusionsPreoperative serum Ang-2 levels may be a good clinical predictor for lymph node metastasis of EGC,which is useful for the treatment direction.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the enhancement pattern of the spinal cord for patients with medulloblastoma, and to correlate the enhancement pattern with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tumor seeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 84 MR images, including the initial and follow-up studies after chemotherapy or radiation therapy, of 25 patients with medulloblastoma who were aged from 2 to 13 years. We analyzed the spinal leptomeningeal enhancement pattern on the MR images. The leptomeningeal enhancement patterns were categorized into three types: Type I, fine or discontinuous linear enhancement, and type II, continuous linear or nodular enhancement, and type III, intradural mass formation. We correlated the enhancement pattern on MRI with the results of CSF cytology at the initial and follow - up examinations after treatment. RESULTS: Of total 25 patients, type I enhancement was observed for 14 patients. Twelve patients were negative on the initial CSF cytology and 2 patients were positive. On the follow-up MR studies, 14 patients showed no change or only a slight decrease of enhancement, and all were negative on the follow-up CSF cytology. Type II enhancement patterns were observed in seven patients, and all of them were positive on the initial CSF cytology. On follow-up MR study, one patient revealed an increased enhancement with the positive result on the follow-up CSF cytology, and six patients had decreased enhancement on the follow-up MR studies with negative conversion on the follow-up CSF cytology. Type III enhancement patterns were observed in four patients and all of them were positive on the initial CSF cytology. All four patients with intradural mass formations revealed progression of the lesions on follow-up MR studies, and all of them were positive on the follow-up CSF cytology. CONCLUSION: Type II and III enhancement patterns always represented CSF seeding and a type I enhancement pattern had a low probability of metastasis.